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Hey everybody, Pastor Steven Anderson here from Faithful Word Baptist Church in Tempe, Arizona with Onzone, and we're doing lesson six walkthrough of the Homeric Greek book by Clyde Farr. The book is from 1920, so it's in the public domain. There's a PDF to download a copy of the book in the description of the video, or you can purchase a nicer, newer one on Amazon. The updated edition is a little more user friendly, but these videos will work for both because nothing has substantially changed in the book since 1920. All right, so, so far we worked in the first declension feminine nouns. So we saw nouns like vuli, theia, thalassa, and so those are all feminine nouns and they're all first declension. So now we're getting into the second declension. So it's a different paradigm. Over here we've got a masculine noun as an example, and here we've got a neuter noun. So everything that we saw on the first declension so far has been feminine. Now we're moving into some masculine nouns and some feminine nouns. Now, just a quick note about this, if people are new to language learning, because we don't really have this concept in English, but in other languages when things are masculine or feminine or neuter, that's just a grammatical term. It doesn't really have to do with how manly they are or something like that. For example, in Spanish, the word for dress, bestido, is masculine, but it's a dress, okay? So it really has nothing to do with how manly or feminine or neuter. It's just a grammatical term, okay? So these nouns are masculine. This is the neuter pattern. So this right here, thymos, is what we're going to use as our paradigm. Paravigma is the Greek word for example, okay? That's where we get our English word paradigm. We're using modern pronunciation. So thymos is a really common word that you see a million times in Homeric Greek. It means like spirit or heart, okay? So thymos is the nominative. Then we've got thymou, and this is what you're probably familiar with from classical Greek or New Testament Greek. This one though, this thymio, is very common in Homeric Greek, so you need to learn this other option as well because you are going to run into it, okay? And then we've got thimo, that's a dative, thimon, accusative, thime, vocative. Now remember in the first declension, the vocative and the nominative were the same. Now we actually have a different vocative. So this would be kind of like where the guy in the Bible, obviously the Bible uses a different word for spirit, but remember he says, I will say to my soul, soul, thou hast many goods laid up for many years. So if you're talking to your soul, you know, that's what you're going to use right there. There we go. Of course, it's not really soul. This is like spirit or heart, but you know, whatever. And then we've got some dual forms here, thimo and thimine. And remember the dual forms are only in Homeric Greek. Later Greek is not going to have these. The New Testament is not going to have these. And then our plural forms, thimi, thimon, thimisi, and thimus. This can also just be thimis without the yoda on the end. Okay, so you could probably see already some similarities with the first declension just to kind of help you remember things. First of all, just like in the first declension, we have these circumflexes on the genitives and the datives, right? Everything else is an acute, but then right here we have a circumflex and then on the genitive and dative, genitive and dative, genitive. So all the genitive and datives have circumflexes. Everything else has an acute. So that's pretty similar to the first declension, huh? Yeah, definitely. So some other things that are similar with the first declension are yoda subscript in the dative. In the first declension, only the dative singular had that yoda subscript. Same thing here. So when you see a yoda subscript, you know, that's like a really good telltale sign for the dative. You run into that a lot. And then the knee ending right here, thimon, that's like vulin or theon or thalasson, right? So that's familiar. Anyway, you know, oh yeah, and then this one's very similar too, isn't it? Because remember we had theon, thalasson, vulon, here we just have thimon. And that's the same as classical or New Testament Greek. So yeah, there's a lot of similarities. And so remember in the first declension, this one was like release with a yoda subscript and then S. Here it's an omicron and a full yoda. But there are really a lot of connections that hopefully you can form here mentally. Now when we move over to the neuter, this right here, ergon, means work, okay? We have an English word, ergonomic, that comes from this. So ergon means work. And the difference between this and this, because these are very similar, but here's the big difference, okay? The big difference is that over here, the nominative and the accusative and the vocative are all the same. They're all this on ending in the singular and the ah ending in the plural. So ergon can either be nominative, vocative, or accusative. And then same thing with the plural, erga can either be nominative, vocative, or accusative. Now remember with nouns and adjectives, the accents are persistent. They want to stay where they started. So here it persists on the second syllable, the last syllable, right? So we have thymos, thymus, thymos, thymone, thymet, thymos, thymene, thymi, thymone, thymisi, thymus. And then over here, it starts out on the first syllable just because this particular word is like that, ergon. Obviously, you can have other masculine or neuter words where the accents in different places. So it always just persists where it starts. It wants to. So we had ergon, ergu, ergo, ergon, ergo, ergin, erga, ergon, ergis, erga, right? So it ends up just staying on that first epsilon. So again, these are the ones that you really want to pay attention to with the neuter as being different, okay? Because what you'll notice is that other than these nominative, accusative, vocative forms that are different, notice the same here. We've got thymu, and we've got ergu. And then we've got thymo, ergo, see how it's the same? And then we go to the dual forms, thymo, ergo, thymene, ergin, right? So those are the same. And then down here, we got thymone, ergon, thymese, ergise, because this could just as well be a sigma and a yoda because that's interchangeable. So again, you just have to memorize this. You just have to learn these and just really study the masculine is what I would recommend. Just study the masculine, get this down really well, and then just think about these two forms that are different, ergon and erga. That's it. And once you think about these two differences, this one's actually easier because the nominative and the accusative are the same, so it's less forms to learn. So really, you only have to learn two new forms over here. If you get this one down, you kind of have them both down. That's cool. Okay. So the first thing that this chapter goes over is a concept called elision. And elision is this phenomenon where basically letters will drop out and you'll get an apostrophe, sort of like we have in English contractions where instead of saying do not, we'll contract that to like don't or something like that. So I don't really think it makes much sense to talk about elision right now. I think we should just talk about it when it actually comes up. So when we run into it, we'll talk about it, but elision is just so easy. All it is is just the last letter of a word dropping off and getting replaced by an apostrophe. And then you have to kind of figure out what that letter was. But it's kind of a nothing burger in my opinion. So let's just deal with it as we come to it. So let's just take our knowledge here of these two paradigms and let's do our Greek to English exercises. All right. I knew I was forgetting something. I forgot. We want to talk about adjectives to go with these new paradigms because so far, you know, for example, we talked about like Kali and Kaki and things like that, right? So this is what we saw in the first declension. Well, these adjectives are also going to follow these patterns if they modify a masculine because this right here, this adjective, that's going to be lining up with the first declension feminines like vouli kali or something, thea kali or thalassa kali, right? So we need, what if we want to talk about like a good spirit, right? Then what we're going to have to do is a thymos kalos, right? So basically this is going to end up following the same pattern. So we're going to end up with thymo kalo, thymo kalo, right? They're all going to basically get declined the same way as these noun counterparts. Does that make sense? So basically, yeah, it's going to follow a similar pattern for the adjectives. So you know, we could go down this whole list and write these out, but that's what it's going to be. Thymo kalo, thymo kalo, and so on and so forth because these two paradigms right here also work for like kakos or let's say phyllos, if we wanted to say like a beloved spirit or a dear spirit, then it would be thymos phyllos, right? And so we'd have that. So basically we could go down the list with those. We could go down the list with these, okay? And again, it's going to persist. So like kalos, it wants to persist on the second syllable, whereas phyllos, the accent persists on the first syllable. So like right here, okay, let's say we wanted to talk about a good work, ergon kalon, but not kalon, it would be ergon kalon, because we want the accent to persist on the second syllable. So it would be like ergon kalon, ergo kalu, and so then over here we would do the circumflex because of the fact that it's on that last syllable, right? And then ergo kalu, so it's going to be like that because of that. And then with phyllos, it persists on the first syllable, right? So it would be, if it was like a beloved work, right? Then it'd be like, and actually it seems like that would probably want to be a, no, because a circumflex can't go over a short syllable, so it'd be like a ergon phyllon or something, right? Does that make sense? So one thing I wanted to ask is, this ergo, does it also have the other form, ergo? Yes it does, yeah, exactly. So I didn't write it in, but it does have that alternate form as well, so you're definitely going to see that form as well with the neuters. So basically the moral of the story is that this same paradigm for these nouns and these neuter nouns and masculine, there are going to be a bunch of adjectives that follow these same patterns, and kalos is one of them, right? Kali, kalos, kalon, phylli, phyllos, phyllon, you know, and so, you know, the adjectives that we've learned so far are also going to decline like these nouns. Yeah, makes sense. All right, now let's do the exercises. All right, so here we are, the next set of Greek to English exercises. We're in lesson six. So aglaa apina ferosina chei istraton, all right, you want to translate that? So the Achaeans, the droit Achaeans? Yep, the Achaeans, yeah, which is just another word for the Greeks. Like when you're reading the New Testament, it calls Greece sometimes achaea. Yeah. That's the same word. So the Achaeans, yep, the Achaeans bring or carry, like, glorious, yep. So I learned this as ransoms. Yeah, exactly, ransoms. So basically, what this is talking about is in battle, they'll take prisoners of war, and then they will give them back to their families or give them back to the other side if they get paid a ransom. So it's like POWs getting returned, but they have to buy them back. That's what it means to ransom them. So that's what's going on. So yeah, so basically, the Greeks carry or bring glorious ransoms because the ransoms aren't like cash. They're going to be like tripods and mixing bowls and pieces of armor and weaponry. So they're metal objects. So in the ancient world, metal objects are expensive. So a lot of these ransoms are precious metals. So they're like shining, like shining, glorious ransoms they bring. And where do they bring them? Into the host. Into the camp, right? Into like the military encampment or into the host, like you said. Exactly. Okay. And let me just say here, this is that thing we mentioned a minute ago, Elysian, it's got a little apostrophe, there's a missing letter here. Okay. What letter do you think is missing? Because this is going to modify this. An alpha. Yeah, it's probably a short alpha, right? So okay, so what does this mean? We bring innumerable, countless ransoms, so this could mean through. So here's the thing. Yeah. Yes, it can. But here's the thing. Anna is the opposite of kata. Anna means up and kata means down. So you could translate it like they bring it up to the host of the Achaeans. Sometimes it is through, like you said. Sometimes it can mean through and so can kata also. But in this case, it's not really through, probably wouldn't be appropriate, would it? In this case. No, no, no. But sometimes it does mean that though. But anyway, in Homeric Greek, I just saw it like today. But the thing is here, it's more like up to. Up to the camp of the Achaeans. Exactly, yeah. So Anna is up and then kata would be like down too. Right? Okay. So number three. Of course, we're using modern pronunciation. So God makes many Greeks pray or spoil, like for birds. Yeah, exactly. So this is plural. So basically like the God makes many Achaeans and what does he make? This is like a double accusative here because we have like he makes many Achaeans and he makes them what? He makes them... Spoils pray. Spoils or he makes them a pray. It's plural. But yeah, you might translate in English as singular like he makes them a pray or he makes them into spoils for the birds or unto the birds. So this is dative. This could be like a dative of advantage because the birds get to enjoy this booty of the dead bodies. So that's kind of dative that that is. Okay. All right. Number four. Were the Achaeans bad? They weren't bad, but good. Yeah, they were not bad, but rather good. Okay. And then this is a tricky word right here. So let me just say this. And of course, we're assuming that you at home have already learned all the vocabulary before these lessons. So basically, you know, before you watch each lesson, it's up to you to memorize all the vocabulary. Okay. Because we're assuming you at least know the vocabulary. And when you learn the vocabulary, something that might have kind of struck you as odd in the list is that this word nousos here, you know, with that ending, it seems like it'd be masculine, doesn't it? Oh yeah. Because it looks like thymos. So it has that second declension ending, but you know what that is? That's a feminine noun. Unfortunately, you know how languages are, they never cooperate. So this is a feminine noun, but it's second declension. So it follows that pattern like a masculine second declension noun. That's the pattern that's going to fall. So it's going to be, you know, nouson in the accusative. It's going to follow that whole pattern like thymos, but it's still feminine. And you're like, well, how is it feminine if it doesn't, if it follows a masculine pattern? Because look, when it gets modified by an adjective, it gets a feminine adjective. But then the adjective is like the normal pattern. Exactly. Because remember, the adjectives and the nouns have to agree in gender number case, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're going to have the same ending. It means this is feminine nominative singular and khaki is feminine nominative singular. So as weird as that seems, that's why that is that way. So nousos khaki oleki laun kalon. What's that? A bad pestilence destroys the good people. Yep. So like an evil disease kills the good people, the noble people or whatever. All right. And then we've got achai pebusin apina miri ispatrim. Here we have another elision and this is modifying this. So again, the missing letter is? Alpha. It's an alpha. Okay. So what's that say? The Achaeans sent like very many thousands of ransoms into the Fatherland. Yeah. This can mean, sometimes this can like technically mean ten thousands. But often it's just like a lot. It just means a lot. So yeah, like you said, they send many ransoms to the Fatherland. Okay. And then number seven, theos veni estraton oleki de laun achaeon. Gods goes into the camp and destroys the people of Achaeans. Yep. So typically instead of translating this God, we'd probably translate it as like the God or a God because we're talking about false gods. We're talking about pagan gods here. This is not the Bible that we're reading. This is Homeric Greek. So these are all pagan false gods. So I would either say a God or the God because they're polytheistic. They don't believe in one single God, right? So you can say like a God goes to the host and he kills the people of the Achaeans. All right. So number eight, tis atimazi theos kalus. Who dishonors or insults the good gods? Yeah. So like who dishonors the good gods or who insults the good gods? I do because they're actually bad gods because they're pagan false gods. Okay. Number nine, kaki lai atimazi theus patris. Again, that's me and you. So like evil people insult the gods of the Fatherland. Yeah, exactly right. Evil people dishonor the gods of the Fatherland. And then theos pebi nuson kakin ana straton acheion ugar teliusi vulin theon patris. The gods sends an evil disease like up to the camp of the Achaeans for he doesn't accomplish and for they don't accomplish the world of the gods of the Fatherland. Yep, exactly right. And this one, probably the up through translation would probably be appropriate because it's like passing through the camp, you know, it's getting spread. It's contagious. Okay. So now let's move to the other board for 11 through 15. All right. Okay. Number 11 here. Veni epi thalassan vinin ke tefki piras polas ana straton acheion. Okay. So what is that? Well, let's just give it a subject, either he, she, or it. You want to just say like- Oh, okay. Yeah. Yeah. He travels to the sea, to the terrible sea and makes like many fires, lights many fires up through the camp of the Achaeans. Yep. Yeah. Yeah. Assuming you copied everything correctly, you know, he goes, you know, upon or up to the terrible sea and he makes many funeral pyres up through the camp of the Achaeans. Yep. And then number 12, echusin aperisi apina acheion eni strato. So this is? They have. They have? Enumerable ransoms. And what's the missing letter from the elision here? It's again, alpha. It's an alpha. Yeah. Countless ransoms of the Achaeans in the host in the camp. Yep. Exactly. All right. And then, so they have countless ransoms of the Achaeans in the host or in the camp. And then vuli strato uchandani thimo theu. The will or the plan of the host does not please the soul, the spirit or the heart of the god. Yeah, that's fine. So, yep, exactly. So basically, the army's plan does not please the spirit of the god. And then right here we got, laus kilis filos in sehiteas dalasis. The people of seh was beloved or dear to the soul of the goddess of the sea. Yep, you got it. And then lastly here, uch aidomen kalas vulas theon strato ugar andani achaeisi thimo. We don't sing the good plans or consuls of the gods to the army. Yep, to the army, exactly. For it doesn't please the heart of the Achaeans. Yep, you got it. So we don't sing the good councils of the gods to the host or to the army or to the encampment for it does not please the Achaeans. It does not please the Achaeans with respect to their spirit. You know what I mean? Because this is dative, right? So it isn't pleasing to the Achaeans with respect to their spirit. Or you could look at it as for it does not please the spirit of the Achaeans. Because sometimes a dative can actually be a dative of possession. You're going to run it out a lot actually. So because we want possession to be genitive, right? In Homeric Greek, there's going to be a lot of times when possession gets expressed with a dative. So you're going to see that a lot, hundreds of times. So basically, that's something to think about. But you could say here, what's more likely here would be like, for it does not please the Achaeans in their spirit, specifically, it doesn't please them with respect to their spirit or in their spirit or in their heart. It doesn't please the Achaeans in their heart. Does that make sense? Yes. All right, let's move on to the English into Greek sentences. All right, so now we're going to do the sentences from English into Greek. There's no answer key. We're just doing this on the fly off the top of our heads. So if we make any mistakes, let us know in the comments. Hopefully, we'll also catch each other's mistakes. But here we go. All right. So I'm going to give you sentence number one, the terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in her soul. So the terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in her soul. Just let me know if you need me to repeat it. And then I'm going to be working on number two, we bring much splendid ransom to the army of the Achaeans. Could you repeat that, please? Sure. So the terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in her soul. And you don't have to do the her. The her is in parenthesis. So the terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in the soul. And then I'm working on we bring much splendid, I won't say it out loud again for your sake. We bring much splendid ransoms to the army of the Achaeans. Okay. Number three, the god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans. And then there's more to the sentence. So I'm just going to give you that first part because it's a long sentence. Does not destroy the host of the Achaeans. Okay. And then I'm going to work on number four, which is the evil plague makes countless Achaeans booty for many birds. So let's see, the evil plague makes countless Achaeans booty for many birds. What's number three again? Number three. Okay. So the god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of the fatherland. Okay. So. Let's see here. Okay. Number four. Okay. Number five. Okay. Number six. Okay. Number seven. Okay. Number eight. Okay. Number nine. Okay. Number 10. Okay. Number 11. Okay. Number 12. Okay. Number 13. Okay. Number 14. Okay. Number 15. Okay. Number 16. Okay. Okay. Number 17. Okay. Number 18. Okay. Number 19. Okay. Number 20. Okay. Number 21. Okay. Number 22. Okay. Number 23. Okay. Number 24. Okay. Number 25. Okay. Number 26. Okay. Number 27. Okay. Number 28. Okay. Okay. Number 29. Okay. Number 30. Okay. Number 31. Okay. Number 32. Okay. Number 33. Okay. Number 34. Okay. Number 35. Okay. Number 36. Okay. Number 37. Okay. Number 38. Okay. Number 39. Okay. Number 40. Okay. Number 41. Okay. Number 42. Okay. Number 43. Okay. Number 44. Number 46. Number 47. Okay. Number 40. Okay. Number 41. Number 43. Number 56. Number 38. people of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms. And then there'll be more. And then there'll be more. And then there'll be more. And then there'll be more. So the people of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms? The people of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Silla. And then I'm going to work on number seven. The plague destroys the people for they dishonor the god of Chrysa. To the goddess of the sea in Silla? To the goddess of the sea in Silla. You done? You want to maybe grab the eraser and clean that mess up a little bit? This messy stuff? All right. I think I got it. All right, let's start going over these. Okay, so number one. The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in her soul. So the terrible roar, clon-ee-thee-nee, of the sea, Tha-la-s. Oh, that's the wrong place for the accent. Tha-la-sis is pleasing to the goddess in her soul. Tha-la-s. Yep, very good. Perfect. Yeah, like what I did for the soul, I did psi-hee, but you're totally good to do thi-mo, though. Because this could mean soul, spirit, heart, same exact thing. And that's probably what they were looking for, because that's what we saw in the Greek to English exercise. So that's good to go. All right, number two. All right, number two. We bring much splendid ransoms to the army of the Achaeans. So I used the hendiadis, which is pretty common, into the camp of the Achaeans. Could have also done ana-straton-acheon. Right? Do you see any problems? No. Let me know if you see any issues. Oh, just one breathing walk. Very good. So it should be a smooth, right? Here we go. Okay. Number three. So this is, we're looking for, the god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans. Theos-uk-oleki-straton-acheon. Right? But the accent's on the own. So circumflex-acheon. For they do not dishonor the gods of the fatherland. So ugar-atimazosi-theus-patrice. Yep, looks good, right? Okay, and then let's go number four. The evil plague makes countless Achaeans booty for many birds. So the evil plague, nuson-kaki. Right? Oh, I messed up, though. As that should be. Nusos. Yeah, I accidentally used a, like it was a, accused of it, or a neuter or something, yeah. So it's nusos, so that was my bad. So nusos-kaki. So the evil plague makes countless aperisos. Is, I don't think I spelled that right, though. Did I? I think so, yeah. You like that? Yeah. Okay. Hmm. I feel like it's spelled wrong. But let's come back to it. Okay. Okay, so countless Greeks, or Achaeans, spoils Heloria, Ionesi for many birds. Ionesi polisi? Ionesi, yeah. Looks good? Too many polisi. Yeah. I adjust the reading, okay. Alright, so number five. The people of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Silla. So the people of the Achaeans, Lai, Achaeon. Here, let's just erase that. Okay. Pebusin, where's our accent? People of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms. Aperisos? So what are the ransoms? The apina, there's no s, no sigma. So apina, so agla-a, and then that's going to be an alpha. Or are you just getting all fancy using elision now? Okay. So this is, shouldn't it be accusative? It is accusative, because remember that apina is neuter, and in the neuter, the accusative and the nominative plural are the same, and the accusative and nominative singular are the same. So this could be nominative or accusative, apina. So what is singular of apina? There isn't one. It's one where in the vocab list, it just gives it as plural only. Yeah. Okay. It's something that only appears in the plural. So, okay. So where were we? What are we on? Number five. People of the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea, Insela. Thea, thalassis, right? So we should have the accent there. Thalassis, enchili. Enchili, again. Yeah. Accent goes there. You just have to remember that from the vocab, because it's a persistent accent. Okay. Number six is, what are we looking for? The Achaeans go to the sea and sing, Achae venussi est thalassan ke aelussi, but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in her soul. Klangyigar, did it say but or for? Whoops. Am I... But the noise. I put for. So that is a mistake. So that should be for, right? But the noise, ukandani, is not pleasing. Thea, psihi, inner soul. Or I could have put thea, thimo, like that. Okay. Okay. And then number seven, the plague destroys the people, for they dishonor the god of Chrysa. Nuson oleki laun atimazosigar. That's for they dishonor the god of Chrysa. Theon chrysis. Everything look okay? It shouldn't be nusos. Ah, why do I keep doing that? What is wrong with me? Okay, so I made the same mistake twice. Okay, so this is the word I think is spelled wrong, because I believe that there's supposed to be a yoda in there. I think it's aperisius. Yeah, that seems right. But then, because that extra syllable, we're going to have to move everything that way, because oo is long. So aperisius is what we would need. And then over here, with this right here, because we have aperisia, we have the alpha ending. Here we have the oos ending, but see, I need the yoda to match. Yeah. Does that make sense? Yeah. And this is short. If the alpha were here, it would be short. And so you'd be fine with your accent there. That's where it wants to persist, aperisios. But here, because of that long oo, it's going to have to migrate. Anything else you see? Laws is singular, right? Yes. But could you still use the plural verb? You wouldn't use it if this were the subject of the verb, you wouldn't. But because this is a new clause, like we have a comma and then we're starting a new clause, then this is the subject of they. So if we wanted to say the people for the people dishonor, then we would say atimazigar, and we would use singular. If the subject were laos, we would have to use singular. So to answer your question, laos is definitely going to take a singular verb. The reason I went with the plural here, though, is just because I'm starting a new clause. And the subject of my clause is just they. Oh, okay. They. Because obviously, laos is a singular word, but it's referring to a group of people. So that's why you can do plural down here. But if this were the subject, it would have to be singular. So everything else good? And there is no number eight. All right. Very good. We will see you next time in lesson number seven.