(Disclaimer: This transcript is auto-generated and may contain mistakes.)

Hey, everybody, Pastor Steven Anderson here from Faithful Word Baptist Church. I'm here with Anselm, and we're going through this book, Homeric Greek by Clyde Farr. And this book is from about 100 years ago, and so it's in the public domain. There's a PDF link in the description where you could get the old version of the book, or you can get the nice new version off Amazon for a pretty good deal. And we're just breaking down each chapter and going through the exercises. The book doesn't have answers, so we're giving you the answers. And so if we make a mistake or anything, let us know in the comments, but the answers that we've given you are legit. All right, so we're in chapter 16, okay? And so the first thing we're going to talk about is the Mediopassive form of verbs in the present and future. Now, the reason we say Mediopassive is because a lot of verbs in Greek, the passive form and the middle form is the same. So let's just take a minute and explain what this even means, okay? So when we talk about voice, okay, there could be active voice or passive voice, okay? So like, for example, if I say, you threw the ball, okay, through is active or passive? It's active, right? Because Anzome is throwing the ball. The subject of the sentence is doing the action. Anzome threw the ball, okay? Whereas if I said the ball was thrown, what's the subject of that sentence? The ball. The ball is the subject. Is the ball doing the throwing? No. No, the ball is being thrown. So it's passive, which makes sense. Like something is happening to the ball as opposed to the ball doing the action. So if we said Anzome was thrown, you know, then somebody picked up Anzome and threw him, then it'd be passive, right? Because the subject is being acted upon. That's passive. If you're doing the action, it's active. Okay. Now what's this middle then? Now this is something that we don't have in English, the middle voice. Well, you can probably kind of guess that the middle voice is kind of a gray area between whether you're acting or being acted upon. So a lot of times in Greek, what the middle voice is, is like a situation where you do something, but it has an impact on you. It has an effect on you. Like you do something for yourself or for your own benefit or something like that. Also, the middle voice can sometimes be reflexive where you're doing something to yourself. So these end up getting translated into English. The middle voice gets translated as an active verb in English. Okay. So therefore when you come across this medio passive form, context is going to tell you whether to translate it into English as active because it's middle or whether you translate it as passive. So you know, is Leome, is it middle or is it passive? We don't know because it's the same form. You got to go by context. So that's why we call these forms medio passive because they're either middle or passive. So if you're reading Greek and you see a form that looks passive, but a passive meaning doesn't make sense, then you say, oh, it must be middle. And then you translate it as active. Does that make sense? Any questions? Okay. So here are the basic forms. So we use the verb Leo as an example. And Leo in the active form means I release or I let go or I free, right? So this is the middle form, Leo me, and this means I ransom. So basically like I procure the release of someone would be like I ransom them, right? Or it can be passive like I am released. So Leo me is either I get released, I am released, that'd be passive, right? Or like I procure the release of someone that's ransom. So that's the middle meaning. Does that make sense? Okay. Yeah. You know what it means to ransom someone, right? Yeah. Like, you know, I give them money and I get my loved one back. I give money. So you can see why it's middle because it's like I'm kind of getting someone back or whatever. So these are the forms. Okay. You want to read these off in modern Greek pronunciation? Leo me, Leo. Well, you got it. You probably want to pronounce this twice like Li-e-e if you can. Li-e-e, Li-e-te, Li-o-me-tha, Li-e-ste, Li-o-n-de. Okay. So we've got these forms here, obviously. This is our singular column right here, right? These are the singular, these are the plural, first, second, third person. So basically this is I ransom, you ransom, he, she, it ransoms, we ransom, y'all ransom, they ransom, right? Or what else could this mean besides I ransom? What if it's passive? I, I was ransomed. Well or I'm ransomed. Yeah. Or I'm released. I'm released. Just I'm set free. I'm let go. Right. Or what would this be then? We all released. Yeah. We, we get released or we are released. So anyway, the main thing you want to focus on, obviously this is the stem right here, right? And then this is the ending right here. So you have these endings, the O-me-e-e-te, O-me-tha, E-ste, O-n-de, right? These are the endings that you're going to expect to see with the medio passive forms. Okay. There are also verbs in Greek that are what's called deponent, okay? Now what a deponent verb is, it's a verb that doesn't have an active form. Now with Leo Meher, you know, we know, hey, you know, there's an active form. It's Leo. Yeah. But here we've got a deponent verb, voulome. There's no such thing as voulo. It doesn't exist, right? It only exists as a medio passive. Okay. Now this verb of course means I want, this is, and by the way, you know, uh, this is not a passive thing. This is middle and it means I want, okay. And you can kind of see how that would be middle because when you want something, you know, it's, it's like you want it for yourself. So it's a middle thing. Now the reason that I chose to put this one out here is because it's a little bit, it's a very common verb, right? Voulome comes up all the time. But it's also kind of tricky. And this is the one that I think is kind of tricky right here. Okay. So we've got the endings that we would expect voulome, voulete, voulometha, vouleste, and voulonde, right? Following the pattern, everything's good. This is the one that's tricky. Okay. And you can see it's very similar to what we see here with Leo Meher, but here's why I find this one tricky is because doesn't this look like an active third person singular? That's the same ending. Yeah. Like, like, because if we had, for example, if we had Lee, it would be third person singular, right? But this is second person. But how do we know that it's not this? Because remember, this is deponent. So there's no such thing as voulo. So if there's, it's not voulo, voulis, vouli, voulomen, right? It's it, you know, so when you see this word, vouli, you got to remember it means you want, not third person. No, this is not what it is, right? It is second person. So that's a tricky ending that second person, media passive ending can sometimes look like a third person singular active. So beware. Any questions about that? Does that make sense? All right. So now let's go to our next page here. And we've got a little review here on third declension adjectives. We've already seen these in previous lessons, but this one kind of puts it all together, this chart. So what am I looking at here? What do you think these three columns are like? What are we, what are we looking at here? It's a masculine feminine on you? Yeah, this is the masculine, right? And then this is our feminine and this is our neuter because adjectives, they're going to be modifying nouns that are either masculine, feminine, or neuter. And so, you know, they have different forms, depending on the, okay. And then what am I looking at as far as rows here? What is this? Pass pass upon. What are we talking about here? Oh, nominative. Yeah. It's sort of nominative case. What about this case? And then for these, the evocative case is going to be the same as the nominative. So then down here, we've got our plural forms, right? This stuff's all singular. And then down here, we've got our plural forms. And of course, same cases. This is our nominative, this is our genitive, dative, and accusative. Okay. So again, you just need to learn these endings. They're pretty similar to other third declension endings that you've already seen, but this is a really useful adjective, pass, which means all or every. And so this comes up a lot. And so this is a good one just to memorize, like get to where you can just write out this chart from memory because you're going to see this adjective a lot and it'll just get you used to the endings for the various cases, genders, numbers, et cetera. All right. So now let's move on to our translation exercises. So we're translating from Greek into English. Okay. So I'm going to read this out loud for you, number one, and then we're going to see if you can translate it. All right. Apollon ekivolos holute vasilii atredi kepebi nouson kakin anastraton acheon olekonde de la'i una ka vios atredis itimase chrisin aritira. Of course, we're using modern Greek pronunciation. So that's kind of a long sentence, but you want to start working on it there? Sure. So apollos, the free shooter, enrages. Well hold on a second. We just learned about what type of endings? Oh, yeah. So it's media passive. Now here's the thing. Is it middle or is it passive? Well here's the thing. If there's a direct object, then you know it's active, right? Because if you're, you know, like, let's say, let's say, you know, going back to, you know, Okay. If we had a sentence, right? I ransom the daughter or I ransom my daughter, right? We know it's middle because it has an object, you know, because we're, you know, I'm ransoming the daughter, right? But if we said, this is dative. So this would be like a date of an agent who's doing it. So if we said, then that would mean I am released by the king. I see. Like the king, like maybe I was like a captive of the king and I'm released by the king. Whereas if we, if we had, if we said Leo man, and then we have an object, right? Then it's like, it's middle. So that's the kind of clues you want to look for, for whether to translate it as middle or passive. Right? So right here, sorry, I'm on the wrong page. We have this dative guy here that looks like an agent of. So how do you want to translate this? So a policy free shooter is enraged. He is angered, angered by the king, exactly, exactly. And sense. So there's an active verb, right? So this is a passive. Apollo is angered by the king, son of Atreus and he sends, right? What does he send? A bad plague up through the camp of the Achaeans. Okay, so here we go. Here's our ending that we're focusing on. So what does oleko mean? Kill. Oleko means I kill or I destroy. So olekonde, okay. Now we don't have a direct object, but we also don't have an agent. We don't have a dative of agent or direct object. We just have three words here, olekonde ve lai. Okay, so go ahead. So the people are destroyed or killed. The people are killed. Because it wouldn't make sense to say the people kill for themselves because of the fact that it's in the context of Apollo sending a plague on the people. So if he sends a disease to the people, they're not doing the killing. They're being killed makes more sense. So this shows you have to use context. Sometimes the datives or the accusatives can help you, but in this case, we didn't have that. We just have to kind of go with the story here. What's happening in the story, right? Like the people are being killed makes sense, right? So the people are being killed. And then what's this word mean? Unakka. Because. Yeah, like on account of or because. So this is going to explain why they're being killed because? The divine son of Atreus, itimas ichrisin aritiva, honored, no dishonored, dishonored. Christ is the priest. Exactly. Because this is coming from the verb atimaso, right? And then what's happening is that the alpha is getting lengthened because this is the augment lengthening it to an e eta that is. And because it's the heiress past tense, right? Itimase. Yeah. Chrysin aritira. And then of course, that's our third declension accusative masculine singular ending that alpha right aritira. Now this is a cool word, actually, aritira because we actually get a lot of English words from this. Can you think of it or no? So like an orator is someone who makes speeches or like and if you think about Spanish, the Spanish word for for prey is orar. And una oración. So orar or oración. Like if I made an oración, it actually comes from this because basically what this literally means is a prayer. He prays because this is from the Greek word to pray. Like if I said ariceto, it's like he prayed. And so aritira is like the prayer. So it means priest, but it's like a prayer. And it's where Spanish words for prayer come from and English words for like oration. So anyway, this is just help you maybe remember aritira. And then all right, cool. Number two. Chrysis gar. Oh, I'm supposed to read it. Sorry. Chrysis gar aritir ekivolu ergete epi toas nias acheon feri da perisi apina figatros in atrevis ekhi en strato. For Chrysis the priest, ekivolu ergete epi toas. Okay so he's the priest ekivolu. Oh, okay priest of the Frisian of Apollos. Exactly. Okay for Chrysis the priest of Apollos comes upon the swift ships of the Achaeans and brings countless innumerable ransom daughters as ransoms. No, I think what it's saying, because this is singular figatros. So I think what he's after here is, you know, he brings like countless ransoms. Like basically it's for the daughter of the daughter, but it's like ransoms for the daughter because he's trying, because Chrysis is trying to ransom his daughter. So he brings the countless ransoms for his daughter. Okay. That makes sense. And en here is what part of speech? What is that? Notice the rough breathing. It's a relative pronoun. So it's a relative pronoun referring back to whom? Which let me think. So like what it has to refer to to apina. No, because apina is neuter plural. So this is feminine, right? So in Atreides, Achaeans, and Strato. Oh yeah. Obviously it's Othundra's daughter. Right. So basically the ransoms of the daughter, which or whom Atreides, who the son of Atreides has in the camp, in the host. In the camp. Yeah. He has in the army or whatever. Very good. All right. But the priest has this wreath, but I don't know what it's called. Yeah, garlands. So this is actually in the New Testament, believe it or not, this word, because in the book of Acts, remember when they think that Paul and Barnabas are like Zeus and Hermes or in the King James Bible, it's translated as Jupiter and Mercury. And it talks about how the priest of Jupiter, the priest of it's actually Zeus that he brings Stemata because he's going to like do a sacrifice to Paul because he thinks that Paul is Zeus and that, or no, he thinks that Barnabas is Zeus and that Paul is Hermes or whatever, and they're going to do a sacrifice. And so he brings, if you read it in the original Greek, he brings Stemata. Yeah. So there's a connection to the New Testament. Yeah. So this is a good word to know even for reading the New Testament. I think it's only used that one time, but it's Acts 14. Apax legomenon. It's an Apax legomenon in the New Testament, in Acts 14. So it's like, you know what like a Christmas wreath is? Yeah. So it's like a wreath or a garland or like a, I don't know. I don't know. Do you know advanced cons in German? Yeah, exactly. Gennau. All right. So he has garlands or wreaths of Apollos, the same guy. Of Apollo. You don't pronounce the S in English, it's Apollo. Yeah. In his hands. And she's seen. Yep. So, like, it's a little tricky, right? So we've seen Anna because Anna obviously means like up, right? I always remember like Anna is up and Katah is down, right? But we saw Anna here with the, or not here, sorry. Where is it? Anna Stratton. Yeah, there we go. So notice here, this is with Anna with accusative because he's like sending the plague like up through the camp, right? So it's coming toward, whereas here we have the Anna with dative. So it's more like it's just there on top of, so I think what he's getting at here is like that he has these garlands of Apollo, the free shooter in his hands on a golden scepter. So it's like, he's got the wreaths in his hands, but actually he's holding like a scepter and they're on the scepter. They're on a golden scepter above because Anna is like above or on, especially with the dative, it's more like a location. So does that make sense? Yeah. On the golden scepter and bags or in treats. Okay. So he begs Pandas Achaius, who's he begging? All the Achaeans. Okay. So we have here a direct object, don't we? Accusative direct object. So is this middle or passive? Well, it's middle. It's certainly not passive, right? Because we have a direct object. So it gets translated in English as active. He begs, right? So Lysome, it's a media passive looking form, but we know to translate it with an active meaning. And again, you can see why it has this middle looking form because Lysome, I beg, you know, when you beg, you're kind of asking for something for you. So it's kind of that reflexive feel to it, right? Yeah. Does that make sense? But is it also deponent? Yeah. This one's deponent as well, because as far as I know, because I don't think this has an active form. It's just Lysome. Okay. Yeah, exactly. So it's the same thing. Very good. You want to pick up from here? Yeah. I mean, I know the sources. So molysta in modern Greek is used to say like, yes, sir, molysta. But what it actually means is like, especially, right? So think about it. He's begging all the Achaeans, but he's especially begging the son of Atreus, not the son. What's that word mean? Ena, theotria, tesserapende, exe, right? The two. Yeah. So this is tricky because these are dual forms. Okay. That's why. Those are dual endings. So yeah, that's tricky. So he's begging all the Achaeans, but especially the two sons of Atreus, and that's a dual ending, cosmitore, and that's also a dual ending. The commanders of the host. Yeah, exactly. Of the people, actually. Commanders of the people. Yeah. And the cosmitore is literally like the arrangers of the people, like so they're the marshallers or commanders or whatever of the people. Yeah. Because those are the two guys that are in charge are Agamemnon and Menelaus, the two sons of Atreus. And so we have these dual forms, which, you know, you don't see them as often. So they're a little harder to learn, but you just got to, you know, be aware of them. So these are the three type of dual, you know, you see words ending in alpha, omega, epsilon, and it's that dual ending a lot of times. Number four. Apollo is enraged by the king. And sets in motion, starts a plague, that plague up through the camp to the host. Yeah. He initiates an evil disease throughout the camp. Yep. Very good. And then number five. They will come upon the swift ships of the Achaeans and will bring countless ransoms for the king. Yep. Got it. And then, uh, and then we talked about this before the camera died, but basically I circled this because, you know, that's a good telltale for the future. Of course, this part's a regular, but this is from Erhome, Ellefsonde as a future. And then this is future of Pharaoh. So Pharoussi would be the present they bring. And then Esussi as they will bring. Number six. Lysonde pandas Achaeus. They entreat all the Achaeans. Right. And so, uh, again, we have a direct object here, so it's a middle voice. This is actually a deponent verb, right? Lysome. I beg, I entreat. So they beg all the Achaeans. Atreides etimasen aritira che uc apelice figatra. The son of Atreides dishonored the priest and did not ransom, well, he did not release his daughter. Yeah. Cause this is active, right? So he did not release his daughter. All right. Very good. So now we're moving on to the actual Iliad itself. And that's what's so cool about this book is that in the course of this book, you end up reading all 611 lines of book one of the Iliad and understanding everything. So it's really cool. We're still obviously early in the poem, so we're just on lines 11 through 16, but all of the exercises that have been building up to this, you know, this is the actual text of the poem itself. So of course, this is in dactylic hexameter, so it has that meter to it. So I'm just going to read through it, kind of emphasizing the meter. Unekaton hrisinitimasen aritira atreides ogarilthe thowasepiniyasacheion. Lysomenos tathigatra feron tapirisia pina stematakonen hersinekivoluapu. Hersinekivoluapu lonos chrisioanaskitroke elisetopandasacheius, atreidadamalista diyocos mittorulau. And so it's that... Buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh. You know, it has that rhythm to it. That's the meter. Okay. So let's go through this line by line. First line, what do we got? he slighted dishonored crises the priest. Yeah. So notice that in the exercises, everything was put in this really nice order like we would find in English. Whereas in the poem itself, the order is a lot wilder. But because of the case endings, we can understand it. No problem. So he dishonored crises the priest and then the next line is just like a Atreides period one word and then a period. So sometimes for emphasis, the last word of a sentence will be put on the next line all by itself and it really emphasizes it. So it's like he because he dishonored crises the priest Atreides and and the reason why it's like that is it's like it's like it's all his fault right. It's Atreides that did it. So it's and Atreides means son of Atreus and it's referring to Agamemnon. So that's why that's like that by itself with period. Okay. And then what about the next part? For he went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans. Yep. Again, kind of a wild word order because it's like to the swift ships, right? So for he came to the swift ships of the Achaeans. So you gotta go by case to know that. Okay. These two go together and they're you know coming off of that. And then what was he doing when he came upon the swift ships of the Achaeans? So is a future part of the right future now we've got a direct object. So is it middle or is it passive? It is middle. It's middle and so future parts of we don't really have this in English. We don't have like going to being about to ransom or something you know it. It's like a future participle. So you're gonna end up translating this as like he's intending to ransom or he's going to ransom or he desires to ransom or he's planning to ransom or he's about to ransom right. You have to be creative how you translate this because we don't have a future participle like this in English. So he is you know about to ransom or or he wants to ransom. He's trying to ransom his daughter and then what's this next part here? Bringing countless ransoms right. Having wreaths in his hands the wreaths of Apollo the free shooter right. So yeah so this is going back to the stemat that he has and then down here it's on a golden scepter. So again you see this this strange word order where you have the preposition in the middle and then the object of the preposition like surrounds it. And then same thing up here right. Same exact thing. And treated all the Achaeans. Yep and he entreated all the Achaeans. But especially the two sons of Atreus. Yeah. The commanders of the people. Yep and we got our dual ending. The dual ending is this alpha. Here it's the epsilon. All right very good. Now I believe it's time for the English to Greek. Okay so I already wrote these out in advance. I'm not going to do them on the fly because I had time to write them down earlier but I'm just going to have you quiz me. Okay okay. So I'm going to turn my back to it and I'm just going to do it verbally and we'll see how I do based on you know what I wrote down earlier. See if I can remember it. All right so here we go. So those are the English sentences. So again these answers are not in the book. So I came up with these answers on my own. So if I made any mistake let me know in the comments but these should be correct. All right. Hit me. So the first one is Chrysis the priest of Apollo. Okay so Chrysis Aritea Apollonos. Is dishonored by the son of Atreus. Is dishonored. Yes. Okay so Atimazete. Yep. By the son of Atreus. Atimazete Atrevi. Yep. Okay. Second one. The Achaeans will go from their swift ships. So the Achaeans will go. Okay. Achaei Elephsonde. From their swift ships. Apothonmeon. Yep. Correct. To Troy and ransom. Is ileone like and they will ransom. Yeah. Is ileone que they will ransom. Lysonde. The beloved daughter of the priest. Lysonde siegatra filine Aritieros. Yep. Correct. Okay. We will bring many ransoms. Isomen polea apina. Or you could say polea apina. It's a different form. Okay. And will hold in our hands. And we will hold in our hands. Exomen Hircine. Or En Hircine. Yeah. You don't have to have the En but yeah. Exomen En Hircine. The phyllids of Apollo. Stemata Apollonos. Yep. Okay. Fourth one. We do not have a golden scepter. Okay. We do not have. We do not have. So Uch, Echomen, Skiptron, Chryseion. Yeah. Do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam. Lysometh are there, Priamon. But we will entreat, sorry. And all the people of Troy. Pandasluos. Yep. Got it? Okay. Cool. I'm probably covering it up when I stand like that, huh? Yeah. That's not cool. All right. All right. Take a good look at this. All right. Pause the video. All right. So. All right. Fifth one. The two sons of Atreus. The two sons of Atreus. The two sons of Atreus. Martialers of the people. Cosmitore Laon. Yep. Are entreating Priam. Okay. So I need a dual form here. Lysisthone. Yeah. Okay. Lysisthone. Entreating Priam. Priamon. Lysisthone, Priamon. But he will slide them. Another dual form. To the Atimasi. Yep. To the Atimasi. Six. The son of Atreus, king of men. Okay. Atrevis Anax Andron. Slided the priest. Atimasi Arditira. Yep. And did not release his daughter. Correct. That's it. Is that it? Yep. That's it. All right. Cool. That's it. Well, that's it for Lesson 16. We'll see you for Lesson 17.