Hey, everybody. Pastor Steven Anderson here from Faithful Word Baptist Church. I'm here
with Anselm, and we're continuing through the Homeric Greek book by Clyde Farr. There
is a link to download the PDF of the book for free in the description. It's from 1920,
so it's in the public domain. And then you can also order the nicer, newer edition that's
a little more user-friendly on Amazon or whatever. But today we are in lesson four.
So if you remember last time in lesson three, we went through the declension of voulis.
And we're going to continue thinking about the first declension of these feminine nouns
with a couple of examples that are like voulis, but they're just a little bit different, okay?
So these are still feminine first declension nouns, but they're just a little bit different
than voulis. The first thing you can see here is that theia here, it doesn't end in eta
like voulis did. Instead of ending with the eta, it ends with an alpha instead. So basically,
it's going to be a little bit different. Now, we're going to talk in this episode also about
accents. I don't want to overwhelm you by going into too much detail about accents,
but I want to at least expose you to it. And then later on, you know, we'll keep talking
about accents and reinforce things. But what we want to talk about, first of all, is that
there are long and short vowels in ancient Greek. Okay, would you grab me that eraser
real quick? So basically, just like in English, we have long and short vowels. You know, the
long a says a, the short a says a. Well, there are long and short vowels in Greek too.
In modern pronunciation, they're both going to get pronounced exactly the same. But the
long vowels end up being the omega and the eta. Okay, these are always long. And then
we have short vowels, like the epsilon and the omicron. Okay, so those are always going
to be short. So these are always long, these are always short. And then you have the ones
that can sort of go either way, which are the alpha, the yoda and the epsilon. Of course,
we're using modern pronunciation. So basically, these can go either way. Now, when it comes
to accents, the accent has to do with how long the vowel is, or is it a long or short
vowel. So let me explain to you the three types of accents. Okay. You've got basically
this type of accent right here, which is called acute. Okay. Then you have a backwards version
of it, which is called grave. And then you have this, which is called the circumflex.
Okay. And sometimes you'll see it written like a like a Spanish tilde or whatever. Okay.
But basically, those three types of accents have certain rules governing them. Okay. Now,
this accent right here is the most versatile, because it can actually go on any of the last
three syllables. So it can go on the very last syllable, it can go on the second to
the last, or it can go on the third to the last. Okay. That's what this one can do. Okay.
This circumflex right here, it can only go on the last syllable or the second to last.
Okay. And then this one right here, the backwards one, it only goes on the last syllable. And
it's basically just whenever you have an acute on the last syllable, like right here, thea,
if we follow that up with another word with no punctuation in between or anything, we
just roll into another word. Like let's say we wanted to put the word for good here, right?
Then basically this just switches to an acute. I see. Because it's followed by another word.
That's it. No big deal. So these all get pronounced the same when we're doing modern pronunciation.
The big thing to realize though, is just that there are these rules where the circumflex
can only go on the last two, the grave can only go on the last, and then this one can
go on any of those three. Okay. Now I know this is kind of, this part's a little dry,
but I just want to get this out there. Okay. Try to absorb as much of it as you can. We'll
practice it so much that you'll get used to it. But there's this issue of whether vowels
are long or short, right? So here's the thing about accents. They can only in Greek words,
even in modern Greek, they can only go on the last three syllables. Okay. Like we talked
about, this can go on any of the last three. This can go on the last two. No accent can
go earlier than that. Okay. But it also depends on what is the last letter of the word. Is
it short or long of a vowel? Okay. The last vowel of the word, I should say. Okay. Is
it short or long? If it's long, if the last vowel is long, then basically you cannot accent
the third to last syllable. You can't do it. So right here. So when we look at this right
here, remember how we talked about these letters can go either way? Yes. Okay. We talked about
that, right? Yeah. Okay. Well, so how do we know if this alpha here is long or short?
Well, here's the thing. We have the accent all the way back here on the third from the
thalassa. So if this were long, if this were a long alpha, could this accent be there?
No, it can't because, because again, if the last vowel is long, you can't have it that
far away. Okay. It has to be on one of the last two. So basically because the accent
is there, we know this is a short alpha. Does that make sense? Okay. Now look, when we moved
down here to thalassis, okay, into the genitive form here, okay, we have an eta. Now eta is
always long. So can we have the accent here? No. So it has to move like one. So it like
migrated over. Yeah. So in Greek with nouns and adjectives, the accents are what is called
persistent, meaning that they want to stay where they started. So like with thalassa,
the accent wants to be on that first alpha. Okay. It'll do everything it can to be there,
but sometimes the rules force it to do something else. Does that make sense? Yeah. And then
over here, the accent is on that alpha, thea, and it wants to stay there. And if it can
do anything to stay there, it will. Okay. Of course, it's going to be easy to stay there
because it's the last syllable. But here when it's the third from the last thalassa, you
know, sometimes the rules are going to force it to move later. Is this making any kind
of sense? It does make sense. I know it's kind of a lot to absorb at once. And we'll
get a lot more practice with this later on. But at least we want to like, just get it
out there. Okay. So basically, the difference between these two words, and why they decline
differently, is that this one ends in a short alpha. This one ends in a long alpha. Now
that's not because it's accented. It just happens to be accented. It's a long alpha.
Okay. If we end in a long alpha, it's going to have a different pattern than if we end
in a short alpha. So how can I see that this is a long alpha? Here's the fun part. You
can't. So basically, you don't. You just have to know that or think about that or realize
it. Sometimes, you know, it'll be written in a book. They'll write like a straight line
over it to show you that it's long. But you don't necessarily, you know, know that for
sure just from looking at this word by itself. But here's the thing. I mean, one way that
you know that it's long is the fact that the genitive is like this. Because I mean, if
it were short, you'd be over here. And the genitive would have an eta. But because the
genitive has the alpha with a circumflex, I mean, that tells you that it's long. Because
here's the thing about the circumflex, another rule about the circumflex, the circumflex
can only go over a long vowel. Okay? Oh, I see. So basically, looking at this, you can't
really tell necessarily that it's long or short just by looking at it. But when you
get to this, can you tell? Yeah. Because of the circumflex. Yeah. And then here, of course,
you still have a circumflex. Circumflexes can only go over a long syllable. Okay. Or
excuse me, a long vowel. Yeah. So basically, you know, the short answer is when you see
these letters, there are going to be situations where you will not be able to tell just by
looking at that one word if this is long or short. You don't necessarily know. Because
in any Greek text, it's not going to be marked that way except in like a book teaching you
Greek or something. When you actually read stuff in Greek, it's not going to be marked.
So you know, you can tell sometimes by the accent. Like here, we see the circumflex.
Okay, it's got to be long. But with something like this, unless you just know, you might
not know. So that's why when you look up these words in the glossary or dictionary or lexicon
or something, it'll give you the nominative form and the genitive form. Because then by
seeing the genitive form, it gives you a little more information like, okay, now I know that's
a long alpha. I know I'm in this paradigm as opposed to this paradigm. So basically,
these first declensioned feminine nouns, you know, we saw the ones that end in eta
like vouli, right? Or maybe not even an accented, because we saw this one right here, like chrissi,
the place. And it, you know, ends in an eta. It still declines like vouli, but it has the
accent in a different place. Okay. Then we have the ones that end in a long alpha, and
then we have the ones that end in a short alpha. Does that make sense?
It does, yeah.
Okay. So let's kind of go through this and look at it. Basically, what we've got here
is thea, theas, thea, thean. So we've got a nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.
Now it's very similar to vouli. The difference is that instead of etas, we have alphas. But
other than that, it's the same, because we had what? Say the vouli declension. What's
this one?
Vouli, voulis, vouli, voulin.
So it's pretty much the same thing. It's just instead of an eta, it's an alpha. So that's
not really that hard, is it? Thea, theas, thea, thean. So if you really know voulis,
this isn't a big deal. And you come down here to these, and again, the dual forms are the
same as with voulis. Just thea, theid. Same exact thing, right? And then when we come
down to this right here, these forms are totally the same as voulis, because remember voulis
switch to an alpha down here anyway, except for this guy right here.
But again, these are exactly the same as voulis. And then look over here, good news, same endings.
We got our ea, an, is, as. So the plural in the first declension, whether we're dealing
with voulis, thea, thalassa, the plural endings all stay the same, and the dual endings all
stay the same. Right? It's really just this part that we need to deal with, the singular
part. Does that make sense? So like right here, we've got thea, theas, thea, thean.
Here's a good way to remember this. Remember that because it's a long alpha, and remember
when you see the circumflex on the genitive, you know it's a long alpha. When you think
of the long alpha, think of the long alpha as being a stronger alpha. It's so strong
that it's going to dominate these singular forms. Whereas over here, we have this short
alpha, it's a little weaker, so it gives in to the temptation to become an eta. It's a
little weaker. It can't really hang. So it turns into an eta here, and then it's back
to an alpha here. So these are just a little different, right? Thalassa, thalassis, thalassi,
thalasson. And remember, why is the accent, why did the accent move on these? Because
eta is a long vowel, so the accent has to move. Because you can't be that far away from
the end when you have a long vowel at the end. So if you want to know where can the
accent go, you look at the last vowel. Is it long or is it short? If it's long, you're
going to be on one of these last two syllables. If it's short, you could be further away.
But they persist, they want to persist where they started in the nominative form. So here
this makes sense. Thalassa, thalassis, thalassi, thalasson. Now right here, persistent accent
wants to be here. Boom, it moved here. Instead of thalassa, now we have thalassa. Why? Why
did the accent move here? This is the dual.
I don't know, honestly.
Well here's the thing, is it just going to move for no reason?
There has to be some reason.
Because it wants to persist there, right? What would cause the accent to move? What's
going on with this letter right here?
Oh okay, so the alpha becomes long alpha.
Okay, exactly right.
But we don't see it.
Exactly. So in the nominative form, we know this is a short alpha because the accent's
all the way over here. Whereas when we get into the dual form, the accent moves, there
can only be one explanation for that. The dual ending is not the same as the nominative
ending because the dual ending is a long alpha. And how do we know that? Because look at the
accent, right? That's the difference between thalassa and thalassa.
But we don't pronounce the long alpha differently.
No, you don't pronounce it differently in modern pronunciation. I mean, they probably
did back then, of course. But since we're using modern Greek pronunciation, we're just
going to pronounce them both ah. So really, it's the accent that tells you that. And again,
this is a little bit, you know, I don't know, maybe too much information. But I'm just exposing
this to you. Some of this stuff is going to matter later. So I at least want to plant
the seeds. Even if you can't necessarily retain everything about these accents, you know,
at least start getting familiar with it. Okay. And then right here, okay. Again, we're not
on that first syllable. Why not? Why did this move here?
Well, because eta is a long vowel. Oh, but eta is not the last vowel, is it? What's the
last vowel? Oh, well, yoda is the long vowel.
Yoda is the last vowel. But hold on, is it long though? Because remember, alpha, yoda
and epsilon can go either way, can't they? Yeah.
So the question is, which kind of yoda is this? Well, let's stop and count. Okay, that's
the last syllable is just that yoda. The eta is the second to last. This is the third
to last. So what would this, this would be a fourth from the last that can never get
an accent in any Greek word for any reason. Yeah. So we're actually on the third from
the last. So we're on the third from the last, is this a long or short yoda?
Short. It has to be short, because we're all the
way back here on the third from the last. And the fancy names for these, if you want
to know, the last syllable is called the ultima. And then the second to last is called
the penult, like Latin, basically pen meaning almost, sort of like a peninsula. It's almost
an island, right? Penult. And then basically the third to last is called the antipenult,
which means before the almost last syllable. Okay. So these are from Latin, basically.
So ultima penult and antipenult. So basically we have right here, it's on the antipenult,
because this is a short actually. So it's one, two, three.
Yeah, because the words got longer. Yeah, exactly. It got longer. And so it became
a four syllable word instead of a three syllable word. Okay. So then these are our dual forms
again. We don't need to worry as much about these. I would say if you're a beginner, don't
even really worry about learning the dual forms because it might be a little bit intense
for you. But if you've had experience with classical Greek or biblical Greek before,
then yeah, you definitely want to learn the dual terms in order to read Homer. Okay. So
then down here to the plurals. Okay. We've got thalasse. So here we have a diphthong,
basically two letters that come together to form one vowel sound. Now here's the thing.
Most of your diphthongs are going to be considered long. It makes sense because it's two letters.
Okay. But when words end in one of these two endings, E or E, then they get treated as
short for purposes of accents. So this ends up being considered a short. That's why it's
thalasse. Okay. Okay. Then we've got thalassaon. Now, why did we move all the way here? I mean,
we moved super far. I mean, instead of being before the sigmas, I mean, it's all the way
after the sigmas. Why did we get so far with that accent? Why did it drift that far? What's
going on? Well, what kind of vowel are we ending in? An omega. Is that a short or a
long vowel? It's long. It's long. So where can we put an accent? Can we put it on the
anti-penal? Can we put it three clicks away? No, the penals. Okay. So the second to last.
And that's what the alpha is. So doesn't it make sense that we moved all the way from
here with the accent? We moved all the way here because this long omega can only allow
us to be on the second to last. So boom, there we are. Okay. Does that make sense? Yeah.
I'm comparing it to the steep tangent. Okay. Here's the difference though. The difference
is that this has a short vowel. See, you can't worry about the second to last is. Whatever
the second, like the fact that the second to last is long is totally meaningless. Ignore
it. The thing that matters is only the last vowel. This is short. That's what determines
it. This is long. Omega is always long. Omega is always long because it's Omega. It's a
big O. Omicron is always short because it's the little O. The micro O versus the mega
O. So yeah. Eta is long. Omega is long all the time. Epsilon is short. And what's the
other one that's always short besides Epsilon? It's the opposite of Omega. Omicron. Omicron.
Exactly. And then you got the ones that can go either way. Alpha, the Yoda and the Epsilon.
Okay. So we got here thalasse, thalassaun, and then we got here thalassis. Makes sense.
That's long. Second to last. Thalassas. So is this a long or a short alpha here? Well,
in this case, it's long alpha. It has to be long because boom, the accents here. If it
were short, the accent would be over here. Yeah. Makes sense. Got it. Okay. So then over
here we've got thea. Okay. Now that's where the accent wants to persist. Okay. It's not
going to have any trouble persisting there because it's so late in the word. Right? So
we've got thea, theas, thea, thean. Now as far as this becoming a circle flex, basically
that's just a pattern that's the same with voulis if you remember. And in fact, instead
of pulling out voulis again, let's go ahead and throw an adjective onto this. And instead
of, so thea means goddess, thalassa means sea, like ocean water type sea. Okay. So let's
throw an adjective onto this. Let's say beautiful goddess. Okay. Then basically what we would
do is we're going to use Kali, right? Now here's the important point that we need to
emphasize is that we do not start putting an alpha on the end here. Like we don't want
to say thea kala. You understand what I'm saying? Because these two agree, the adjective
and the noun agree in gender, number, and case, they don't necessarily have the same
ending though. You understand what I'm saying? So is this a feminine singular nominative
ending? Yes, it is. Is this a feminine singular nominative? Yes, it is. Are they the same
ending? No, they just have to agree in gender, number, and case. The endings aren't going
to be the same. So just because we switched to alphas here, these are still going to be
etas. Does that make sense? So we've got thea kali. Okay. And then over here, we're going
to do this right here and we have the circumflex. Okay. That's just a thing. If you remember
with vuli, vuli also got the circumflex above the genitive and the dative. It had an acute
in the nominative and then just switched to a circumflex. Which is fine because circumflexes
can go on that last syllable and they have to go over long syllables and these are long.
They just get a circumflex, right? Sorry about that. That's what you're going to fix
for me. You got to keep me honest here. All right. And then right here, okay, we're going
to do that. And then this, remember, because we're followed with another word, it just
changes directions. Not a big deal, right? Who cares? All right. So does that make sense?
It does, yeah. Okay. That's pretty easy. And we would do the exact same thing with thalassa.
In fact, we can apply this to thalassa because they don't have to be in a certain order.
The adjective could come before or after. It's really flexible. So we could say thea
kali, meaning good goddess or beautiful goddess. And then right here we could have the beautiful
sea, thalassa kali or kali thalassa. Does that make sense? Okay. So we understand all
this. Yes. All right. And then over here, this right here is, again, going to be kala,
right? My memory serves. And then that's going to switch to that. So it has to be kala because
it's dual? Dual, yup. That's a dual. That's different than this, right? And then here,
you know, we would have basically this guy, right? Do you have to put a Yoda subscript
in this? Yes, I do. Good job. All right. Good looking out. Okay. And then down here, basically,
we would have, so what would this mean, this dual form here? What would this mean? I mean,
I would guess it's just talking about two, more than two. It's two. It's exactly two.
This is singular. This is dual. This is plural. It's talking about two of them. Okay. So then
down here, we've got thea, theaon, theais and theas. And it's, this should look real
familiar from Boulis. Same thing over here. So the plurals are pretty easy in that regard.
Now one thing I do want to say is that these don't always end like this. Sometimes instead
of ending in a sigma like that, they can end in a sigma Yoda like that. And it really
doesn't change anything. You know what I mean? Okay. So just be aware that both of these
forms exist. Okay. And then sometimes it even picks up like before a vowel, it'll pick up
sort of like in English, we have a and an, you know, sometimes it'll pick up this knee
on the end, um, before a vowel and it's called the knee movable. Okay. So do you have any
questions about this or does this make sense? No, of course. Okay. So I'm going to give
you one to do yourself here. Okay. Okay. So here's a word that a lot of people know. These
are all easy words that people are familiar with. So this right here, gaia. Okay. So gaia
right here means like earth, land, country, something like that. Right. So gaia, is it
going to be like this guy or is it going to be like this guy? Well, let me hit you with
one more accent rule since you haven't had enough accent rules today. Okay. Is that here's
the thing about the circumflex. The circumflex always goes over a long syllable. Am I right?
Okay. So it goes over a long syllable and we said it can only be on one of the last
two positions. Okay. Now here's another rule about the circumflex is that it can only be
on the second to last if the last one is short. So it follows like a long, short pattern.
So if the word ends in a long, short circumflex, I see if it ends in long, long acute. So look,
this is a long, long acute, long, long acute. Right. You see what I mean? So that's how
that works. Okay. And then, um, if it goes long short, then you get a circumflex. Okay.
So like here, look at this long, short circumflex. Okay. Yeah. Long, short circumflex. See that?
And again, you don't necessarily have to retain all these accent rules at this point. Cause
you know, you'll see more examples of it and whatever, but we still have to follow this
pattern and generative and dative with the circumflex. I mean, yeah. I mean, that's the
pattern. Okay. So yeah. But over here, it's an acute right over here. It's a circumflex.
Why is it an acute over here? Because you know, you've got these long situations going
on here. Okay. So with that in mind, is that alpha long or short? It's short. It's short.
So which of these two paradigms are we going to follow? What's the, cause the colossal
difference between these two paradigms that one of them's a, uh, a long alpha and one's
a short alpha. Remember what we said about the long alpha is it's strong enough to not
become an EDA. Yeah. Okay. So which one of these is, which one of these is weak? Oh,
those are short. Exactly. Cause there's two reasons. Number one, because we have the accent
on the third to last syllable that shows us as short. Also look at, look at, look how
weak you are. You just turn into an EDA, right? Whereas this one's like, Nope, stay in an
alpha. You understand this is the long alpha paradigm. This is short alpha paradigm. Okay.
So this is the short, so it's going to be like, which one? It's going to be like thalassa
right? The accent is going to want to persist right there. Okay. So therefore what is going
to be the genitive of this? When we go to the genitive, are we going to stay with the
alpha or are we going to turn into something? It has to be a, it has to be an EDA. Okay.
And then what kind of an accent should I throw here? Should I throw a circumflex or an acute?
Keep in mind what the last vowel is. Yeah. It's long. So we have, it has to be an acute.
Exactly right. Yes. Okay. And then over here, we're going to be like that. All right. Okay.
What's that? What's this word going to be basically a accusative singular of Gaya. Yep.
You got it. Okay. What kind of accent am I going to put on it? Has to be also an acute.
Nope. It's going to be a circumflex because of the fact that this is a short alpha. This
is a short. Oh yeah. Okay. And then let's just really mess with you by having you do
the dual form. Okay. So the dual form, what do you think it's going to be?
I think it has to be an acute. Nope. Because what you actually, yes, you're right. Very good.
Because of the fact that the dual gets a long alpha. So if it's long, we can't have a circumflex
if it's long. Right. So boom. So there you can actually tell the difference between these two
words with that. Right. And then over here, you know, basically there's our stem and then
we're going to go with that ending right there. Right. And so where's the accent going to go?
It wants to persist. Am I right? Yes. Okay. How many, how many syllables does this word have?
Three. Okay. What's the last vowel? Is it long or short?
I'm not sure on this one. Okay. So, so here's the thing. The yoda can go either way. Am I right?
Okay. But what's it, what's it been, how's it been functioning in this dual ending?
What does it look like here? Does it look like it's long or short?
Long. Nope. Because we're third click from the end. So it must be short.
Circumflex. So it must be short. So it's short. So if it's short, how far from the end can we be?
Three syllables. Three. And that's where we want to be.
So what kind of an accent am I going to put there? It has been circumflex.
Nope. Because the circumflex can never go on the third to last syllable. It can only,
remember, there's only, these can go on any of the three positions.
These can only go on the last two and these can only go on the last.
Right. This can go in three places. This can go in two places. This can go in one place.
Right. So for, if we're three clicks from the end, we're always 100% of the time going to be.
Acute. Acute. Exactly. Don't feel bad. This is, this is a lot to digest. This is a lot to take in.
Okay. I'm sure the people at home feel exactly the same way. Okay. So then when we get here,
okay, we're again going to be like Thales. All right. So what's going to be my ending?
Also the diphthong. Yeah, yeah. That's diphthong, diphthong.
Okay. And then when this comes at the end of a word, it's considered?
Short. Short. Right.
Although it's long, theoretically.
Well, like in the middle of a word, it's long. Because it's long right here. That's why it has
a circumflex. Am I right? And notice the accent goes over the second letter in the diphthong.
That's one of the ways that you know it's a diphthong. Okay. So this is long for purposes
of accentuation. This is short. What do we do when we have that long, short kind of a feel?
Circumflex. Okay. All right. And then we got this thing going on right here. You know, this,
I love this form because it's just so consistent because it's just like,
you know what I mean? It's just always, I love that ottoman form. It's just easy.
All right. And then right here, basically, what's our ending?
What kind of an ending do we need?
Geyisi.
Yeah.
Or geyin with an Nhi at the end?
Yeah. It'll get the N on the end for, you know, if it's followed by a word with a vowel, right?
So sometimes you'll see that in like parentheses or something. Because it really depends on what
the next word is. We don't really know what the next word is right now. Right. Okay. So
how about the accent? What are we going to do here? Remember the accent wants to persist.
Okay. So it wants to be on that first syllable because that's where it was
initially. So how many syllables have we got here?
Three.
Three syllables.
So we can't put the circumflex on the yoda because it would be too far away.
Exactly. You're right. What's the only thing we can put there?
What's the only thing that can go through third syllable from the last?
An acute.
Exactly. And that's where it wants to be. Is there any reason why it can't be there? No,
because this is a short yoda. It can be there. I mean, it's there. It's three clicks away on
thalassisi, right? So might as well. And then last of all, we've got this.
And we know that this as ending, that's a long alpha on the theas. That's why it went thalassas
instead of thalassas. It's thalassas because that's a long alpha. So this is a long alpha.
It wants to persist. It's two syllables. There's no issue with the persisting.
Long. Is it going to be circumflex or not? This is a tough one.
I don't think so because it's for some flex. It should be long short.
Exactly right. So boom. There you go. So that's kind of a lot to take in. It's a little bit
overkill, but you know, we'll see. You get more practice. You get used to it. You'll see it more.
But one question. Why is this different? Both are three syllables.
Here's the difference. Persist. We want to persist over this syllable here with the thea.
Here, these are both two syllable words. Here, we're persisting on the last syllable
or on the alpha syllable, we should say. Here, we're persisting on the first syllable.
When we get down to this word right here, this eta used to be an alpha. Am I right?
Yes. Why would we put the accent on the epsilon? The accent was never on the epsilon.
You know what I mean? It's persisting here. Now, because of this short yoda, theoretically,
it could be on the epsilon, but it doesn't want to be because it wants to persist.
See what I'm saying? Whereas over here, persisting means being three clicks away.
Here, persisting means being right where it is. So these are both persisting where they want to be.
That's the difference. Does it make sense? If not, let me know.
Okay, cool. All right. So that's kind of a lot to take in. These accents. If you don't get all of
it, just move forward to the next lesson if you're a little burned out on these accents.
It is something that in the long run is really going to help you a lot if you learn these accent
rules to be able to tell the difference when you're reading between something like this and
this, where the only difference is an accent. It can really make a difference in the meaning.
All right. Now we got through all that drudgery. Now let's move to the exercises.
We've got now the Greek to English exercises. We're going to go through these sentences.
And it's a question. What does that mean? Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan?
Exactly right. All right.
So let's start with this first part.
So the beautiful goddesses are lovely?
Right. They are lovely.
So they are lovely.
Lovely souls.
So, okay. So soul here is in what case?
It's dative.
Dative. So this is to whom or for whom. So basically the beautiful goddesses are lovely
to the soul.
To the soul. Yeah.
Right.
Beautiful goddesses are lovely to the soul.
They us off.
Right.
Of the what?
Of the, again, goddesses.
This is not plural though, because we got the circumflex.
And if it were, if it were, we know it's an of form, if it's a genitive,
the genitive singular ends in the Sigma, because what you, what you were thinking of is
they us with the acute accent, which is the accusative plural.
This is singular genitive.
Right. So lovely to the soul.
Of the goddess.
Singular.
Okay.
The losses.
Of the terrible fee.
Exactly. So to the soul of the goddess of the terrible sea.
Okay.
So there you go.
So you can see how these case endings and these accents start mattering.
Don't they?
And these are really easy sentences.
This is way easier than actually reading Homer because these are meant to be easy.
Okay.
So here we got.
What does that mean?
So, uh, Killa and Chrissy are beautiful and, and lovely to the goddesses of the seas.
Yeah, exactly.
So I would say, you know, Scylla and Chrissy are beautiful or good and they are maybe
beloved by the goddesses of the seas.
Right.
Something like that.
But yeah.
Okay. Number four.
The good goddess doesn't have a bad soul.
Exactly.
Okay.
And then
The goddess is beautiful, but she has a bad soul.
Yep, exactly.
There is a terrible sound from the sea.
Yep, exactly.
Not are though.
Cause it's, uh, oh, we're, we're, we're, um,
At the sea.
Exactly.
Yeah, exactly.
Right.
They were, they were at the sea because Epi is like in or on, but in this case it's like
beside, like if I, if I said they were on the sea, it doesn't mean like they're on top
of the sea.
It means like on the coast.
So yeah, these two cities Scylla and Chrissy were like beside the sea, at the sea, on the
sea, meaning that they're basically coastal town.
Yeah.
Does that make sense?
Yeah.
Okay.
So yeah, you got it.
All right.
And then we've got
The goddesses of the sea, um, or
you know what, I bet, I bet this needs a, uh, I probably copied it wrong out of the
book.
I'll, I'll bet that that is a, uh, it's supposed to have a Yoda subscript.
I'll just, I'll just double check to make sure.
But while you're thinking about it,
Yeah, it, it was supposed to have that.
So the goddesses of the sea are beloved.
I scribbled these out in a hurry.
So I missed a couple of,
Or beloved, um, like I love it.
Of the, uh, well, this is what, what case are we in here?
Yeah.
It's dative, dative plural, right?
So they are lovely to many souls.
Yeah.
Uh, for, or what I wanted to say is they love it of many souls.
Yeah.
You could say like, they are beloved by many souls, by many.
Cause the dative can either be to whom or for whom, but you can also have like a dative
of agent of like who's doing it.
So like they're loved by whom they're loved by many souls.
You could do it that that'd be another use of the dative.
Okay.
So they are beloved by many souls for they are lovely.
Yeah, exactly.
Okay.
You got, I mean, the sentences are silly.
They're, they're dumb sentences, but it's just, it's just,
it's because, you know, you're only in lesson four, you have a real limited vocabulary.
So it's just kind of giving you these really dumb down sentences.
We're going to get to the actual real lines from the Iliad starting in, I believe less
than 13, but right now, you know, we got practice.
All right.
So, okay.
What are we on?
Number nine.
Patrick Ali is the Philly police.
Yep.
So the good father?
No, it's not father.
It's fatherland.
Patri is like a fatherland or your homeland, native land.
It's like patriotic.
Oh, okay.
Yeah.
So the difference is that it's feminine.
Exactly.
Because the word for father would be masculine, obviously.
So Patri is, you know, a feminine word because it's the homeland.
The beautiful homeland is beloved by many good souls.
Yeah, exactly.
And then there was.
Well, you know, I would, I would supply here because there's no subject in the sentence.
Nothing's nominative.
I would supply either he, she, or it.
Let's just, let's just go with he.
Okay.
He was from the bad fatherland.
No, he was from a, like, he's from a bad country.
He's from a bad homeland.
Okay.
And then.
So is fires.
Right.
Like funeral pyres, especially like, like we would use the same word in English pyre.
Like when people are cremated.
Okay.
So it's, it's specifically talking about probably funeral pyres.
So there were, you said funeral pyres.
Yeah.
There were funeral pyres, many funeral pyres in the beloved's homeland at the terrible sea.
Exactly.
And then last but not least, we got, of course, the semi-colonians is going to be a question.
So who doesn't have a good soul?
Yep, exactly.
You got it.
All right.
So I ended up having to leave the church building before Anselm and I could finish
with the English to Greek exercises.
So I'm at home now.
I've got this whiteboard.
I'm going to go ahead and just do them from here right now.
So if you're at home, if I make any mistakes or anything, leave them in the comments and
let me know because I'm doing this on the fly and there's no answer key or anything.
So I'm going to do the best I can.
I don't have Anselm here with me to provide another set of eyes,
but I'm going to go ahead and work through these.
Okay.
So lesson four, this is where we translate from English into Greek.
All right.
So number one in the book is are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses?
All right.
So we're going to start with the good plans.
So are the good plans dear?
So put the word for are you see, and then both be there.
So are the good plans dear to the souls?
Of the goddesses.
And then that needs to be a question mark.
All right.
So now I'm going to go back through and take care of my accents and everything.
So we got, whoops, forgot a letter there.
So we got all right.
Oh, I always forget my breathing marks too.
So put the smooth breathing mark there over the second letter of the diphthong.
So all right.
So number two, what's next?
They have many plans, but they are cowardly ones.
They have many plans, but they're cowardly ones.
And they put the, they are and the ones in parentheses.
They don't want us to translate these.
So what, what they really want me to write is they have many plans, but cowardly.
All right.
So, uh, let's start out with, uh, they have many plans.
So they have many plans and then we're going to start a new clause, but cowardly.
All right.
So we'll say,
Okay.
So let me just take a quick second to explain why this word de comes after, because it's,
they have many plans, but cowardly, but this word de, and then we're going to see another
word as well, a lot gar.
This is the same way.
These two words right here, they're post-positive meaning that they can't be the first word
in a sentence or the first word in a clause.
And typically they come second.
Sometimes they'll come third or something, but usually they're like second.
So even though it's, but cowardly, it's, because this one has to come second.
And then also I switched this to the nominative case because obviously the, the, the many
plans are in the accusative case, but because there's a comma here, and this is like a new
statement, I went ahead and went nominative because there's sort of an implied, they are
cowardly ones.
So then this becomes the, the nominative of they are cowardly.
So that's why I switched to nominative there because, you know, you could basically see
that there's like an implied state of being that's what they put in parentheses.
So it's like an implied, they are cowardly.
So it becomes like a predicate adjective.
All right.
So let's go to number three here.
Number three is the plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are
noble.
So the plans are dear to the soul.
So
what did we say?
The plans are dear.
Yeah, the puns are dear.
To the soul.
See, he plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess.
Okay.
And then what's that last part again?
For they are noble.
And so we're going to do the same kind of thing that we did here with the, but they
are cowardly for they are noble.
We'll say
all right.
That should work.
Okay.
So I'm going to go ahead and erase these now and work on number four.
What do we got?
The lovely goddess of the sea was not in Scylla.
Okay.
So lovely goddess.
Go the other way with that one.
Right.
Lovely goddess was not, or no, the lovely goddess of the sea.
Sorry.
Of the sea.
That would be
fallacies.
Okay.
The lovely goddess of the sea was not in Scylla.
Okay.
Number five.
There are many funeral pyres by the sea in our beloved fatherland.
So there are many funeral pyres.
You're right.
Oh, let me see.
There are many funeral pyres.
What was the next part by the sea and our beloved fatherland.
So by the sea.
And so, because this is a vowel, I'm going to go ahead and add that right there.
Forgot my breathing mark.
And then, so at the sea, what comes next?
Many funeral pyres by the sea in our beloved fatherland.
So in
pottery, and then we need it to be beloved.
So pottery.
Phelie.
All right.
Number six.
All right.
What do we got?
Okay.
This last one's pretty short.
Who was in Scylla by the sea?
Who was in
Scylla?
Who was in Scylla by the sea?
We'll keep using that same phrase that we keep seeing.
P.
All right.
And then question mark.
Okay.
So again, if I made any mistakes, please let me know.
But that's it for lesson four.
We'll see you on lesson five.